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The INSERT statement inserts new rows into existing tables, and the DELETE statement removes entire rows from tables. The UPDATE command modifies one or more columns of a single row, or multiple rows within a table. Although optimizing the writing of SELECT statements that address large tables is an important part of performance tuning, it s the SQL statements that modify, delete, or add data that cause more frustration for the DBA when dealing with an OLTP database. Designing proper tables and indexes is important if the database is to efficiently process a large number of concurrent inserts, deletes, and updates to tables. In addition, the DBA needs to properly size the undo tablespace and the online redo logs to efficiently process these types of statements.

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Visual C++ allows you to change the compilation model even within a single file. If you compile with /clr, you can use #pragma unmanaged to specify that the methods following that directive should be compiled to native code. Consequently, #pragma managed marks the beginning of a section of functions compiled to managed code. void fManaged() { /* ... */ } #pragma unmanaged void fUnmanaged() { /* ... */ } #pragma managed // managed compilation is the default if /clr is used

Transaction-control statements are used to control the changes made by data-manipulation SQL statements, such as INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. These are the four transaction-control statements: COMMIT: When this statement follows a set of DML statements, the changes will be made permanent. ROLLBACK: When this statement follows one or more DML statements, the changes made by the preceding statement or statements will be undone. If there are no save points, all statements from the beginning of the transaction will be rolled back. SAVE POINT: This statement allows flexibility in your transactions, helping you set intermediate points in the transaction to which you can roll back (undo) your transactions. SET TRANSACTION: This rarely used statement denotes the start of a transaction and is used in statements like SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY.

Data definition language (DDL) statements enable you to define the structure of the various schema objects in the Oracle database. DDL statements enable you to create, alter, and remove database objects, such as tables and indexes. These are some of the main uses of DDL statements: Creating tables, indexes, and other schema objects Creating and modifying procedures, functions, and packages Dropping and modifying database objects Creating and managing users of the database Granting and revoking privileges on objects Analyzing the data within a table or index Creating and altering tablespaces Creating and modifying database links

In Oracle, a schema is defined as a collection of logical structures of data, or schema objects, although it is used mostly as a synonym for the database user (specifically, the application owner) that owns the schema pertaining to a specific application. Thus, the accounting schema within a company database would own all the tables and code pertaining to the accounting department. In addition to containing tables, a schema contains other database objects, such as PL/SQL procedures, functions and packages, views, sequences, synonyms, and clusters. This logical separation of the objects within the database allows you considerable flexibility in managing and securing your Oracle databases. Although the DBA can use the CREATE SCHEMA statement to create a specific schema, more often the application owner creates the database objects and is referred to as the schema owner. The user who creates the objects owns database objects such as tables, views, procedures, functions, and triggers. The owner of the object has to explicitly assign specific rights to other users, such as SELECT or UPDATE, if those other users are to use the objects.

A locked account is indicated by the first character of the password; when the script locks an account, it changes the user s encrypted password string to a string of the form *CLOSED_${the_date}*. If the password is still young, no action needs to be taken against the account. However, we should check to see if the account has already been locked, and if so, append a notice to the report.